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Brown vs Board of education:
This was a case in 1954 in which the Supreme Court unanimously voted that segregation in public was unconstitutional. This ruling overturned the previous ruling of Plessy vs Ferguson that stated that separate but equal was constitutional. This case took place in Topeka, Kansas.
Little Rock Nine:
The Civil Rights Movement was an era of time that took place between the early 1940’s and late 1960’s. After slavery was abolished, African Americans didn't receive the equal treatment that of which they deserved. Segregation at the time made life hard and difficult. African Americans couldn't go to stores or diners that were conveniently located for them, they were treated unfairly in the military and city life etc. There was inequality everywhere so various forms of protest took place throughout this era. Protests such as public speaking, boycotts, riots, and acts of civil disobedience. Although this movement took 20 or so years, African Americans finally achieved the equality and justice they sought and fought for. In September of 1957, the city of Little Rock Arkansas was shook forever. A formerly all white school was made to be integrated. White parents and students were so against this notion as was the governor at the time, governor Orval Faubus. In retaliation, students, and parents block the entrances of the school. The governor even prohibited from entering the school although the notion of Separate but Equal was overruled. Many students were given the chance to integrate but only 9 black children stuck to it. They were known as the Little Rock Nine. They stared into the faces of racists and haters! Since they were initially prevented from entering the school, President Eisenhower had to intervene and sent in the national guard to escort the 9 students to school. They faced death threats and mistreatment, yet they fought through it all.
James Meredith:
On Oct 1st, 1962, a man by the name of James Meredith changed history. He was the first African-American to attend a University. The university was the University of Mississippi. James Meredith was a smart man and wanted to further his education. So he enrolled and was accepted. Little was he aware that this would cause a massive riot. His acceptance caused an outrage. As a matter of fact, this caused MASSIVE riots and streaks of violence surrounding his enrollment that it had to involve 5000, not 50, not 500, but 5000 federal troops ordered to calm the violence and riots ordered by President Kennedy.
Ole Miss, Busing in Boston:
no information available
Montgomery Bus Boycott:
One day in Montgomery, a woman by the name of Rosa Parks was sitting on a bus when a white man asked her to move and she told the white person that she was too tired to stand. This type of defiance wasn’t customary. Usually black folks had to stand up and move and give their seats to white passengers. This was law. When Rosa Parks defied, she was arrested and imprisoned.On the day Rosa Parks was arrested because she refused to give up her seat to a white man, African Americans devised a plan to boycott the transportation system. The goal was to create a fixed dividing line on buses. This line would separate the buses into two halves in which one side was for whites and the other for negroes. Should one half fill it's occupancy, African Americans could remain in their seats and refuse to give it up for a white man. Instead the white man would have to stand. The people involved in this boycott strongly believed it would be a success due to the fact that 3/4 of the riders in Montgomery were African Americans. So what they did was they simply stopped using the bus system. Since 3/4 of the riders were African Americans, the bus business was dependent on them. Without them, they were going to be shut down and in ruins. By the third day of the boycott there was only a few African American riders. This crippled the busing business and practically forced a compromise. The bus boycott was for the majority of it, nonviolent and still managed to reach it's goal.
Freedom Rides:
In 1961 many northern volunteers took a trip to the south to see if anti-segregation laws were in place and being followed. These people were known as Freedom Riders. These groups of people were actually attacked and beaten by many southerners. This inspired the creation of CORE and SNCC. Activist groups.
Sit-Ins:
In the 1960's there was a new form of protest that was rising up. This was known as sit-ins. Sit-ins was an activity in which African Americans would go to segregated resturants and pubs and just sit there. Due to the places segregated policy the employees would not serve the African Americans. So they just say there. From opening to close. This was influencial because the owners would not gain any money from the African Americans who were not being served. Yet they were to large majority of the people that were there. Whites couldn't or wouldn't go into these places because the African Americans were the large populous that was occupying theses places. The goal was to take space up and slow business in order to get equal rights and get service that they deserved. These people did give in and African Americans received equal freedoms.
This was a case in 1954 in which the Supreme Court unanimously voted that segregation in public was unconstitutional. This ruling overturned the previous ruling of Plessy vs Ferguson that stated that separate but equal was constitutional. This case took place in Topeka, Kansas.
Little Rock Nine:
The Civil Rights Movement was an era of time that took place between the early 1940’s and late 1960’s. After slavery was abolished, African Americans didn't receive the equal treatment that of which they deserved. Segregation at the time made life hard and difficult. African Americans couldn't go to stores or diners that were conveniently located for them, they were treated unfairly in the military and city life etc. There was inequality everywhere so various forms of protest took place throughout this era. Protests such as public speaking, boycotts, riots, and acts of civil disobedience. Although this movement took 20 or so years, African Americans finally achieved the equality and justice they sought and fought for. In September of 1957, the city of Little Rock Arkansas was shook forever. A formerly all white school was made to be integrated. White parents and students were so against this notion as was the governor at the time, governor Orval Faubus. In retaliation, students, and parents block the entrances of the school. The governor even prohibited from entering the school although the notion of Separate but Equal was overruled. Many students were given the chance to integrate but only 9 black children stuck to it. They were known as the Little Rock Nine. They stared into the faces of racists and haters! Since they were initially prevented from entering the school, President Eisenhower had to intervene and sent in the national guard to escort the 9 students to school. They faced death threats and mistreatment, yet they fought through it all.
James Meredith:
On Oct 1st, 1962, a man by the name of James Meredith changed history. He was the first African-American to attend a University. The university was the University of Mississippi. James Meredith was a smart man and wanted to further his education. So he enrolled and was accepted. Little was he aware that this would cause a massive riot. His acceptance caused an outrage. As a matter of fact, this caused MASSIVE riots and streaks of violence surrounding his enrollment that it had to involve 5000, not 50, not 500, but 5000 federal troops ordered to calm the violence and riots ordered by President Kennedy.
Ole Miss, Busing in Boston:
no information available
Montgomery Bus Boycott:
One day in Montgomery, a woman by the name of Rosa Parks was sitting on a bus when a white man asked her to move and she told the white person that she was too tired to stand. This type of defiance wasn’t customary. Usually black folks had to stand up and move and give their seats to white passengers. This was law. When Rosa Parks defied, she was arrested and imprisoned.On the day Rosa Parks was arrested because she refused to give up her seat to a white man, African Americans devised a plan to boycott the transportation system. The goal was to create a fixed dividing line on buses. This line would separate the buses into two halves in which one side was for whites and the other for negroes. Should one half fill it's occupancy, African Americans could remain in their seats and refuse to give it up for a white man. Instead the white man would have to stand. The people involved in this boycott strongly believed it would be a success due to the fact that 3/4 of the riders in Montgomery were African Americans. So what they did was they simply stopped using the bus system. Since 3/4 of the riders were African Americans, the bus business was dependent on them. Without them, they were going to be shut down and in ruins. By the third day of the boycott there was only a few African American riders. This crippled the busing business and practically forced a compromise. The bus boycott was for the majority of it, nonviolent and still managed to reach it's goal.
Freedom Rides:
In 1961 many northern volunteers took a trip to the south to see if anti-segregation laws were in place and being followed. These people were known as Freedom Riders. These groups of people were actually attacked and beaten by many southerners. This inspired the creation of CORE and SNCC. Activist groups.
Sit-Ins:
In the 1960's there was a new form of protest that was rising up. This was known as sit-ins. Sit-ins was an activity in which African Americans would go to segregated resturants and pubs and just sit there. Due to the places segregated policy the employees would not serve the African Americans. So they just say there. From opening to close. This was influencial because the owners would not gain any money from the African Americans who were not being served. Yet they were to large majority of the people that were there. Whites couldn't or wouldn't go into these places because the African Americans were the large populous that was occupying theses places. The goal was to take space up and slow business in order to get equal rights and get service that they deserved. These people did give in and African Americans received equal freedoms.